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Another way to animate the model is through skeletal animation In this process, the entire model is structured on a skeleton, which is a combination of bones The skeleton has one bone for each movable part of the model: one bone for a shoulder, one for an upper arm, one for a forearm, one for the hand plate, and then some more for the fingers Each bone needs to know to which parent bone it connects and how it is connected there, which is defined by the rotation about the connection point All vertices of the model must belong to a bone Their positions are defined relative to bones As a result, rotating one bone will rotate all vertices attached to the bone.

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<bean id="exceptionResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver"> <property name="exceptionMappings"> <props> <prop key="java.lang.Exception">errors/error</prop> <prop key="com.apress.timesheets.TimesheetSecurityException"> errors/access </prop> </props> </property> <property name="defaultErrorView" value="errors/error"/> </bean> The underlying ownership-checking code throws an unchecked TimesheetSecurity exception, and no attempt is made to catch this in the controller, so it is caught and rendered by the errors/access view. The thrown exception is passed to the view as a request attribute named exception. Listing 6-15 shows a simple view. Where the views are implemented as JSPs, they do not need to be declared with the page attribute isErrorPage set to true.

Skeletal animation also works with keyframes, where for each keyframe, the rotations of all bones are stored (in contrast to the keyframed animation method, where all positions of all vertices for each keyframe are stored) As a result, you need to interpolate only the rotation angles of the bones in order to obtain the frames between the keyframes To build the model s mesh, skeleton, and animations, you can use different modeling tools that support skeletal (or bone) animation, such as 3ds Max, Maya, Blender, and others After you create the model, you also need to export it to a format that supports skeletal animation Among the model formats that XNA supports natively, the X (DirectX) and FBX (Autodesk) formats support skeletal animation Figure 12-2 illustrates a model with its mesh and skeleton Skeletal animation has several advantages over keyframed animation.

It allows animations to be easily blended, so you can apply different animations over the model at the same time For example, you could apply two different animations to the model in Figure 12-2, where one animation would make the model walk (rotating the leg bones), and another animation would make the model look around (rotating the neck bone) In keyframe animation, you could have one animation for walking and another animation for looking around, but since you wouldn t know which vertices belong to the legs and which to the head, you wouldn t be able to combine them Skeletal animation also allows a bone from one object to be linked to a bone in another object.

<h1>Access Violation</h1> <p>An attempt was made to access timesheet data belonging to another user.</p> <p>The exception message was: ${exception}</p> <p>The user account was: ${exception.account.accountName}</p>

For example, if you have a character that picks up a sword, you would connect the bone of the sword (since a sword is one movable piece, it has one bone) to the character s hand bone, which makes the sword move as the character s hand moves Nowadays, skeletal animation is more widely used than keyframed animation Keeping that in mind, we ll focus on skeletal animations in this chapter XNA doesn t natively support skeletal animation The default model processor in the XNA Content Pipeline is capable of extracting the model s vertices and bones, but discards the model s animation data..

Spring Web Flow allows you to model the behavior of a web application in terms of the flow through a set of states. These correspond well with the user journeys that are often used to define the behavior of a website. In the previous section, we considered a simple controller to list the current users of the application. In this section, we will create a Spring web flow to govern the creation of new users. This is a relatively simple user journey, but it will allow us to exercise the important parts of Web Flow. Figure 6-2 shows a state diagram for the user journey.